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Ezekiel 23

The Allegory of Oholah and Oholibah

1The LORD’s word came again to me, saying,

2“Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother.

3They played the prostitute in Egypt. They played the prostitute in their youth. Their breasts were fondled there, and their youthful nipples were caressed there.

4Their names were Oholah the elder, and Oholibah her sister. They became mine, and they bore sons and daughters. As for their names, Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem Oholibah.

5“Oholah played the prostitute when she was mine. She doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbors,

6who were clothed with blue—governors and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding on horses.

7She gave herself as a prostitute to them, all of them the choicest men of Assyria. She defiled herself with the idols of whomever she lusted after.

8She hasn’t left her prostitution since leaving Egypt; for in her youth they lay with her. They caressed her youthful nipples and they poured out their prostitution on her.

9“Therefore I delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians on whom she doted.

10These uncovered her nakedness. They took her sons and her daughters, and they killed her with the sword. She became a byword among women; for they executed judgments on her.

11“Her sister Oholibah saw this, yet she was more corrupt in her lusting than she, and in her prostitution which was more depraved than the prostitution of her sister.

12She lusted after the Assyrians, governors and rulers—her neighbors, clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding on horses, all of them desirable young men.

13I saw that she was defiled. They both went the same way.

14“She increased her prostitution; for she saw men portrayed on the wall, the images of the Chaldeans portrayed with red,

15dressed with belts on their waists, with flowing turbans on their heads, all of them looking like princes, after the likeness of the Babylonians in Chaldea, the land of their birth.

16As soon as she saw them, she lusted after them and sent messengers to them into Chaldea.

17The Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their prostitution. She was polluted with them, and her soul was alienated from them.

18So she uncovered her prostitution and uncovered her nakedness. Then my soul was alienated from her, just like my soul was alienated from her sister.

19Yet she multiplied her prostitution, remembering the days of her youth, in which she had played the prostitute in the land of Egypt.

20She lusted after their lovers, whose flesh is as the flesh of donkeys, and whose issue is like the issue of horses.

21Thus you called to memory the lewdness of your youth, in the caressing of your nipples by the Egyptians because of your youthful breasts.

Judgment on Oholibah

22“Therefore, Oholibah, the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, I will raise up your lovers against you, from whom your soul is alienated, and I will bring them against you on every side:

23the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, Shoa, Koa, and all the Assyrians with them; all of them desirable young men, governors and rulers, princes and men of renown, all of them riding on horses.

24They will come against you with weapons, chariots, and wagons, and with a company of peoples. They will set themselves against you with buckler, shield, and helmet all around. I will commit the judgment to them, and they will judge you according to their judgments.

25I will set my jealousy against you, and they will deal with you in fury. They will take away your nose and your ears. Your remnant will fall by the sword. They will take your sons and your daughters; and the rest of you will be devoured by the fire.

26They will also strip you of your clothes and take away your beautiful jewels.

27Thus I will make your lewdness to cease from you, and remove your prostitution from the land of Egypt, so that you will not lift up your eyes to them, nor remember Egypt any more.’

28“For the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, I will deliver you into the hand of them whom you hate, into the hand of them from whom your soul is alienated.

29They will deal with you in hatred, and will take away all your labor, and will leave you naked and bare. The nakedness of your prostitution will be uncovered, both your lewdness and your prostitution.

30These things will be done to you because you have played the prostitute after the nations, and because you are polluted with their idols.

31You have walked in the way of your sister; therefore I will give her cup into your hand.’

32“The Lord GOD says: ‘You will drink of your sister’s cup, which is deep and large. You will be ridiculed and held in derision. It contains much.

33You will be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of your sister Samaria.

34You will even drink it and drain it out. You will gnaw the broken pieces of it, and will tear your breasts; for I have spoken it,’ says the Lord GOD.

35“Therefore the Lord GOD says: ‘Because you have forgotten me and cast me behind your back, therefore you also bear your lewdness and your prostitution.’”

The Punishment of Both Sisters

36The LORD said moreover to me: “Son of man, will you judge Oholah and Oholibah? Then declare to them their abominations.

37For they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands. They have committed adultery with their idols. They have also caused their sons, whom they bore to me, to pass through the fire to them to be devoured.

38Moreover this they have done to me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my Sabbaths.

39For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and behold, they have done this in the middle of my house.

40“Furthermore you sisters have sent for men who come from far away, to whom a messenger was sent, and behold, they came; for whom you washed yourself, painted your eyes, decorated yourself with ornaments,

41and sat on a stately bed, with a table prepared before it, whereupon you set my incense and my oil.

42“The voice of a multitude being at ease was with her. With men of the common sort were brought drunkards from the wilderness; and they put bracelets on their hands, and beautiful crowns on their heads.

43Then I said of her who was old in adulteries, ‘Now they will play the prostitute with her, and she with them.’

44They went in to her, as they go in to a prostitute. So they went in to Oholah and to Oholibah, the lewd women.

45Righteous men will judge them with the judgment of adulteresses and with the judgment of women who shed blood, because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands.

46“For the Lord GOD says: ‘I will bring up a mob against them, and will give them to be tossed back and forth and robbed.

47The company will stone them with stones and dispatch them with their swords. They will kill their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire.

48“‘Thus I will cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to be lewd like you.

49They will recompense your lewdness on you, and you will bear the sins of your idols. Then you will know that I am the Lord GOD.’”

Ezekiel presents a graphic allegory of two sisters, Oholah (Samaria/Israel) and Oholibah (Jerusalem/Judah), who represent God's covenant people engaging in spiritual adultery through idolatry and foreign alliances. The prophet details their progressive corruption, beginning with Egypt and continuing through relationships with Assyria and Babylon, using explicit sexual imagery to convey the depth of their unfaithfulness. God declares judgment upon both sisters, with their former lovers becoming the instruments of divine punishment for their covenant betrayal.

Context

This allegory follows Ezekiel's previous judgment oracles against Jerusalem and precedes further prophecies against foreign nations, intensifying the theme of covenant unfaithfulness.

Key Themes

Outline

  • 1-4
    Introduction of the Two Sisters God introduces the allegory of Oholah (Samaria) and Oholibah (Jerusalem) as daughters who became His covenant people.
  • 5-10
    Oholah's Adultery and Judgment Samaria's spiritual prostitution with Assyria leads to her destruction at the hands of her former lovers.
  • 11-21
    Oholibah's Greater Corruption Jerusalem surpasses her sister's unfaithfulness through alliances with Assyria, Babylon, and renewed Egyptian connections.
  • 22-35
    Judgment Pronounced on Oholibah God declares that Jerusalem's former allies will become instruments of her punishment and destruction.
  • 36-49
    Final Condemnation of Both Sisters The prophet summarizes their abominations and announces comprehensive judgment including bloodshed, exile, and desolation.

The Allegory of Oholah and Oholibah

23:1–23:21
prophecy parable-telling solemn

God presents an allegory of two sisters, Oholah (Samaria) and Oholibah (Jerusalem), who represent Israel and Judah's spiritual adultery through idolatry and foreign alliances. Both sisters are condemned for their unfaithfulness beginning in Egypt.

person_contrast

Ezekiel uniquely employs explicit sexual imagery—"breasts were fondled" and "nipples were caressed"—to depict covenant unfaithfulness, making this among Scripture's most graphic metaphorical condemnations.

Judgment on Oholibah

23:22–23:35
prophecy wrathful

God pronounces judgment on Oholibah (Jerusalem) through her former lovers - the Babylonians and Assyrians - who will destroy her with violence and strip away her wealth. This judgment comes as divine jealousy for her spiritual adultery and idolatry.

person_contrast

Ezekiel uniquely employs the Hebrew word "qin'ah" (jealousy) three times in verses 25-35, making this passage the prophet's most concentrated use of divine jealousy language.

The Punishment of Both Sisters

23:36–23:49
prophecy speech wrathful

God commands Ezekiel to judge the allegorical sisters Oholah and Oholibah for their spiritual adultery, idolatry, and child sacrifice. Divine judgment will come through foreign nations who will destroy them completely as punishment for their abominations.

person_contrast

Ezekiel's role shifts from passive recipient of visions to active judicial interrogator, as God commands him to directly "judge" (שפט) the allegorical sisters—a unique prosecutorial function among the prophets.

Insights

Insight Character Study

Ezekiel uniquely employs explicit sexual imagery—"breasts were fondled" and "nipples were caressed"—to depict covenant unfaithfulness, making this among Scripture's most graphic metaphorical condemnations.

Insight Character Study

Ezekiel uniquely employs the Hebrew word "qin'ah" (jealousy) three times in verses 25-35, making this passage the prophet's most concentrated use of divine jealousy language.

Insight Character Study

Ezekiel's role shifts from passive recipient of visions to active judicial interrogator, as God commands him to directly "judge" (שפט) the allegorical sisters—a unique prosecutorial function among the prophets.

Cross-References

Connected passages across Scripture

Interlinear

Word-by-word original language

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Historical Context

Places and events in this chapter

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