Moses appears here not as lawgiver but as conqueror, with his military victories over Sihon and Og establishing the theological precedent that divine inheritance comes through divinely-sanctioned warfare.
Joshua 12
List of Defeated Kings
1Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel struck, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrise, from the valley of the Arnon to Mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:
2Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and the middle of the valley, and half Gilead, even to the river Jabbok, the border of the children of Ammon;
3and the Arabah to the sea of Chinneroth, eastward, and to the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, eastward, the way to Beth Jeshimoth; and on the south, under the slopes of Pisgah:
4and the border of Og king of Bashan, of the remnant of the Rephaim, who lived at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,
5and ruled in Mount Hermon, and in Salecah, and in all Bashan, to the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.
6Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel struck them. Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession to the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh.
7These are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the children of Israel struck beyond the Jordan westward, from Baal Gad in the valley of Lebanon even to Mount Halak, that goes up to Seir. Joshua gave it to the tribes of Israel for a possession according to their divisions;
8in the hill country, and in the lowland, and in the Arabah, and in the slopes, and in the wilderness, and in the South; the Hittite, the Amorite, and the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite:
9the king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one;
10the king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
11the king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;
12the king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;
13the king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;
14the king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
15the king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;
16the king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one;
17the king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;
18the king of Aphek, one; the king of Lassharon, one;
19the king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;
20the king of Shimron Meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;
21the king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;
22the king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam in Carmel, one;
23the king of Dor in the height of Dor, one; the king of Goiim in Gilgal, one;
24the king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty-one.
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Theme
Joshua 12 presents a comprehensive catalog of the conquered kings and territories, serving as a historical record of Israel's military victories. The chapter divides into two main sections: the eastern conquests under Moses (kings Sihon and Og) and the western conquests under Joshua (thirty-one kings total). This detailed inventory demonstrates the complete fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land, establishing their legitimate claim to the territory through divine mandate and military success.
Context
This chapter concludes the conquest narrative (chapters 1-12) and transitions to the land distribution accounts that follow in chapters 13-21.
Key Themes
Outline
- 1 Introduction to the Conquered Lands Opening statement introducing the comprehensive list of defeated kings and their territories.
- 2-6 Eastern Conquests Under Moses Details the defeat of Sihon and Og east of the Jordan, with land given to Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh.
- 7-8 Western Conquests Under Joshua Introduces Joshua's victories west of the Jordan, describing the diverse geography and peoples conquered.
- 9-24 Catalog of Thirty-One Defeated Kings Systematic enumeration of each conquered king and city, totaling thirty-one rulers defeated by Israel.
List of Defeated Kings
12:1–12:24 narrative narration solemn
A comprehensive list of the defeated kings east and west of the Jordan River, documenting the complete conquest under Moses and Joshua. The catalog serves as a record of God's faithfulness in giving Israel victory over their enemies.
person_contrast
Moses appears here not as lawgiver but as conqueror, with his military victories over Sihon and Og establishing the theological precedent that divine inheritance comes through divinely-sanctioned warfare.
Insights
Cross-References
Connected passages across Scripture
Joshua 12:1 5 references
Lexicals 5
Deuteronomy 3:8 Lexical
We took the land at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites who were beyond the Jordan, from the vall…
2 Kings 10:33 Lexical
from the Jordan eastward, all the land of Gilead, the Gadites, and the Reubenites, and the Manassites, from Aroer, which…
Deuteronomy 4:47 Lexical
They took possession of his land and the land of Og king of Bashan, the two kings of the Amorites, who were beyond the J…
Joshua 1:15 Lexical
until the LORD has given your brothers rest, as he has given you, and they have also possessed the land which the LORD y…
Judges 11:18 Lexical
Then they went through the wilderness, and went around the land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side…
Joshua 12:2 5 references
Lexicals 5
Deuteronomy 3:16 Lexical
To the Reubenites and to the Gadites I gave from Gilead even to the valley of the Arnon, the middle of the valley, and i…
Joshua 13:16 Lexical
Their border was from Aroer, that is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and the city that is in the middle of the v…
Deuteronomy 2:24 Lexical
“Rise up, take your journey, and pass over the valley of the Arnon. Behold, I have given into your hand Sihon the Amorit…
Deuteronomy 3:12 Lexical
This land we took in possession at that time: from Aroer, which is by the valley of the Arnon, and half the hill country…
Deuteronomy 2:36 Lexical
From Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and the city that is in the valley, even to Gilead, there w…
Joshua 12:3 5 references
Lexicals 5
Deuteronomy 3:17 Lexical
the Arabah also, and the Jordan and its border, from Chinnereth even to the sea of the Arabah, the Salt Sea, under the s…
Deuteronomy 4:49 Lexical
and all the Arabah beyond the Jordan eastward, even to the sea of the Arabah, under the slopes of Pisgah.
Deuteronomy 3:27 Lexical
Go up to the top of Pisgah, and lift up your eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and see with you…
Joshua 13:20 Lexical
Beth Peor, the slopes of Pisgah, Beth Jeshimoth,
Joshua 11:2 Lexical
and to the kings who were on the north, in the hill country, in the Arabah south of Chinneroth, in the lowland, and in t…
Joshua 12:4 5 references
Lexicals 5
Joshua 13:12 Lexical
all the kingdom of Og in Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei (who was left of the remnant of the Rephaim); for…
Deuteronomy 1:4 Lexical
after he had struck Sihon the king of the Amorites who lived in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan who lived in Ashtarot…
Joshua 13:31 Lexical
Half Gilead, Ashtaroth, and Edrei, the cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the children of Machir the son of…
Deuteronomy 3:13 Lexical
and the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, the kingdom of Og, I gave to the half-tribe of Manasseh—all the region of Argob,…
Deuteronomy 3:11 Lexical
(For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of the Rephaim. Behold, his bedstead was a bedstead of iron. Isn’t i…
Joshua 12:5 5 references
Lexicals 5
Joshua 13:11 Lexical
and Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and all Mount Hermon, and all Bashan to Salecah;
Deuteronomy 3:14 Lexical
Jair the son of Manasseh took all the region of Argob, to the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and called t…
Deuteronomy 3:10 Lexical
We took all the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, to Salecah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og i…
1 Chronicles 5:23 Lexical
The children of the half-tribe of Manasseh lived in the land. They increased from Bashan to Baal Hermon, Senir, and Moun…
Deuteronomy 1:4 Lexical
after he had struck Sihon the king of the Amorites who lived in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan who lived in Ashtarot…
Joshua 12:6 5 references
Lexicals 5
1 Chronicles 5:26 Lexical
So the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgath Pilneser king of Assyria, a…
Joshua 1:12 Lexical
Joshua spoke to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, saying,
Numbers 34:14 Lexical
for the tribe of the children of Reuben according to their fathers’ houses, the tribe of the children of Gad according t…
Joshua 22:1 Lexical
Then Joshua called the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh,
1 Chronicles 26:32 Lexical
His relatives, men of valor, were two thousand seven hundred, heads of fathers’ households, whom King David made oversee…
Joshua 12:7 5 references
Lexicals 5
Joshua 11:17 Lexical
from Mount Halak, that goes up to Seir, even to Baal Gad in the valley of Lebanon under Mount Hermon. He took all their…
Joshua 9:1 Lexical
When all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the grea…
Joshua 22:7 Lexical
Now to the one half-tribe of Manasseh Moses had given inheritance in Bashan; but Joshua gave to the other half among the…
Joshua 1:15 Lexical
until the LORD has given your brothers rest, as he has given you, and they have also possessed the land which the LORD y…
Deuteronomy 3:20 Lexical
until the LORD gives rest to your brothers, as to you, and they also possess the land which the LORD your God gives them…
Joshua 12:8 5 references
Lexicals 5
Joshua 9:1 Lexical
When all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the grea…
Exodus 3:8 Lexical
I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and l…
Exodus 34:11 Lexical
Observe that which I command you today. Behold, I will drive out before you the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Hittite, the…
Joshua 3:10 Lexical
Joshua said, “By this you shall know that the living God is among you, and that he will without fail drive the Canaanite…
Exodus 23:23 Lexical
For my angel shall go before you, and bring you in to the Amorite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Canaanite, the Hivite…
Joshua 12:9 1 reference
Joshua 12:11 3 references
Lexicals 3
Joshua 10:5 Lexical
Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of La…
Joshua 10:23 Lexical
They did so, and brought those five kings out of the cave to him: the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of…
Joshua 10:3 Lexical
Therefore Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, Piram king of Jarmuth, Japhia king of Lachish, and…
Joshua 12:19 1 reference
Joshua 12:21 5 references
Lexicals 5
Judges 1:27 Lexical
Manasseh didn’t drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of…
Joshua 17:11 Lexical
Manasseh had three heights in Issachar, in Asher Beth Shean and its towns, and Ibleam and its towns, and the inhabitants…
1 Kings 4:12 Lexical
Baana the son of Ahilud, in Taanach and Megiddo, and all Beth Shean which is beside Zarethan, beneath Jezreel, from Beth…
Judges 5:19 Lexical
“The kings came and fought, then the kings of Canaan fought at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo. They took no plunder of…
1 Chronicles 7:29 Lexical
and by the borders of the children of Manasseh, Beth Shean and its towns, Taanach and its towns, Megiddo and its towns,…
Interlinear
Word-by-word original language
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Lemma
Morphology
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Theological Significance
Translation Notes
Key Passages
Historical Context
Places and events in this chapter
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Timeline
Conquest
c. 1406-1400 BCJoshua's military campaigns to conquer the Promised Land of Canaan after the Exodus. This fulfilled God's covenant promises to Abraham and established Israel in their inheritance.
The comprehensive list documents God's faithfulness in giving Israel complete victory over enemies.
List of Defeated Kings