Jesus invokes David's temple bread violation to justify Sabbath grain-picking, creating a rare legal precedent where ceremonial law yields to human need.
1At that time, Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and to eat.
2But the Pharisees, when they saw it, said to him, “Behold, your disciples do what is not lawful to do on the Sabbath.”
3But he said to them, “Haven’t you read what David did when he was hungry, and those who were with him:
4how he entered into God’s house and ate the show bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, nor for those who were with him, but only for the priests?
5Or have you not read in the law that on the Sabbath day the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath and are guiltless?
6But I tell you that one greater than the temple is here.
7But if you had known what this means, ‘I desire mercy, and not sacrifice,’ you wouldn’t have condemned the guiltless.
8For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath.”
9He departed from there and went into their synagogue.
10And behold, there was a man with a withered hand. They asked him, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath day?” so that they might accuse him.
11He said to them, “What man is there among you who has one sheep, and if this one falls into a pit on the Sabbath day, won’t he grab on to it and lift it out?
12Of how much more value then is a man than a sheep! Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath day.”
13Then he told the man, “Stretch out your hand.” He stretched it out; and it was restored whole, just like the other.
14But the Pharisees went out and conspired against him, how they might destroy him.
15Jesus, perceiving that, withdrew from there. Great multitudes followed him; and he healed them all,
16and commanded them that they should not make him known,
17that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying,
18“Behold, my servant whom I have chosen, my beloved in whom my soul is well pleased. I will put my Spirit on him. He will proclaim justice to the nations.
19He will not strive, nor shout, neither will anyone hear his voice in the streets.
20He won’t break a bruised reed. He won’t quench a smoking flax, until he leads justice to victory.
21In his name, the nations will hope.”
22Then one possessed by a demon, blind and mute, was brought to him; and he healed him, so that the blind and mute man both spoke and saw.
23All the multitudes were amazed, and said, “Can this be the son of David?”
24But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, “This man does not cast out demons except by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons.”
25Knowing their thoughts, Jesus said to them, “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself will not stand.
26If Satan casts out Satan, he is divided against himself. How then will his kingdom stand?
27If I by Beelzebul cast out demons, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they will be your judges.
28But if I by the Spirit of God cast out demons, then God’s Kingdom has come upon you.
29Or how can one enter into the house of the strong man and plunder his goods, unless he first bind the strong man? Then he will plunder his house.
30“He who is not with me is against me, and he who doesn’t gather with me, scatters.
31Therefore I tell you, every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven men.
32Whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man, it will be forgiven him; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven him, either in this age, or in that which is to come.
33“Either make the tree good and its fruit good, or make the tree corrupt and its fruit corrupt; for the tree is known by its fruit.
34You offspring of vipers, how can you, being evil, speak good things? For out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks.
35The good man out of his good treasure brings out good things, and the evil man out of his evil treasure brings out evil things.
36I tell you that every idle word that men speak, they will give account of it in the day of judgment.
37For by your words you will be justified, and by your words you will be condemned.”
38Then certain of the scribes and Pharisees answered, “Teacher, we want to see a sign from you.”
39But he answered them, “An evil and adulterous generation seeks after a sign, but no sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah the prophet.
40For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the huge fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.
41The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation and will condemn it, for they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and behold, someone greater than Jonah is here.
42The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with this generation and will condemn it, for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, someone greater than Solomon is here.
43“When an unclean spirit has gone out of a man, he passes through waterless places seeking rest, and doesn’t find it.
44Then he says, ‘I will return into my house from which I came;’ and when he has come back, he finds it empty, swept, and put in order.
45Then he goes and takes with himself seven other spirits more evil than he is, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of that man becomes worse than the first. Even so will it be also to this evil generation.”
46While he was yet speaking to the multitudes, behold, his mother and his brothers stood outside, seeking to speak to him.
47One said to him, “Behold, your mother and your brothers stand outside, seeking to speak to you.”
48But he answered him who spoke to him, “Who is my mother? Who are my brothers?”
49He stretched out his hand toward his disciples, and said, “Behold, my mother and my brothers!
50For whoever does the will of my Father who is in heaven, he is my brother, and sister, and mother.”
Matthew 12 presents escalating conflict between Jesus and the Pharisees over Sabbath observance, spiritual authority, and the source of Jesus' power. Through two Sabbath controversies and accusations of demonic association, Jesus establishes his authority as Lord of the Sabbath and defender of mercy over rigid legalism. The chapter culminates with Jesus redefining family relationships based on obedience to God's will rather than blood ties.
Context
Following the mounting opposition in chapter 11, this chapter intensifies the conflict with religious leaders, setting the stage for Jesus' parabolic teaching in chapter 13.
Key Themes
Outline
When Pharisees criticize his disciples for picking grain on the Sabbath, Jesus defends them by citing David's example and declaring himself Lord of the Sabbath. He emphasizes that God desires mercy over rigid sacrifice.
person_contrast
Jesus invokes David's temple bread violation to justify Sabbath grain-picking, creating a rare legal precedent where ceremonial law yields to human need.
Jesus heals a man with a withered hand on the Sabbath, arguing that doing good is always lawful. The Pharisees respond by plotting to destroy him.
person_contrast
Jesus's sheep-in-a-pit analogy uniquely transforms Sabbath law from prohibition into compassionate obligation, making this the only Gospel passage where animal welfare directly justifies human healing.
Jesus withdraws and heals many people, fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy about God's chosen servant. The passage emphasizes his gentle nature and mission to bring justice to the nations.
quotation_chain
Matthew's quotation of Isaiah 42:1-4 spans seven verses (18-21), making it the longest Old Testament citation in his Gospel and emphasizing Jesus's gentle, non-confrontational messianic identity.
Jesus heals a demon-possessed man and responds to Pharisees' accusations by teaching about the unforgivable sin of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. He establishes his authority through the Spirit of God and warns against attributing God's work to Satan.
person_contrast
Jesus's declaration that "every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation" creates a logical trap where the Pharisees must either accept his divine authority or admit Satan works against himself.
Jesus teaches that people are known by their fruits and warns that words reveal the heart's condition. He emphasizes accountability for speech and that words will determine justification or condemnation on judgment day.
person_contrast
Jesus employs botanical metaphor ("tree," "fruit") six times in four verses, creating the New Testament's densest concentration of agricultural imagery for moral evaluation.
Jesus refuses to give signs to the scribes and Pharisees, pointing only to the sign of Jonah as a prophecy of his death and resurrection. He condemns the generation for rejecting one greater than Jonah and Solomon.
quotation_chain
Jesus uniquely transforms Jonah's reluctant prophecy into a death-resurrection typology, making the disobedient prophet's punishment prefigure the obedient Son's voluntary sacrifice.
Jesus tells a parable about an unclean spirit returning with seven worse spirits to an empty house. He applies this to warn the evil generation about their spiritual condition and the danger of incomplete spiritual transformation.
person_contrast
Jesus employs the rare metaphor of demonic house-hunting across "waterless places" to illustrate how spiritual emptiness, not just moral cleansing, invites sevenfold corruption.
When Jesus' mother and brothers seek to speak with him, he redefines family relationships in spiritual terms. He declares that those who do God's will are his true family members, prioritizing spiritual kinship over biological relationships.
person_contrast
Jesus, who typically exercises divine authority and pronounces judgment, here uniquely positions himself as obedient to God's will alongside his followers, creating radical equality within spiritual family.
Jesus invokes David's temple bread violation to justify Sabbath grain-picking, creating a rare legal precedent where ceremonial law yields to human need.
Jesus's sheep-in-a-pit analogy uniquely transforms Sabbath law from prohibition into compassionate obligation, making this the only Gospel passage where animal welfare directly justifies human healing.
Matthew's quotation of Isaiah 42:1-4 spans seven verses (18-21), making it the longest Old Testament citation in his Gospel and emphasizing Jesus's gentle, non-confrontational messianic identity.
Jesus's declaration that "every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation" creates a logical trap where the Pharisees must either accept his divine authority or admit Satan works against himself.
Jesus employs botanical metaphor ("tree," "fruit") six times in four verses, creating the New Testament's densest concentration of agricultural imagery for moral evaluation.
Jesus uniquely transforms Jonah's reluctant prophecy into a death-resurrection typology, making the disobedient prophet's punishment prefigure the obedient Son's voluntary sacrifice.
Jesus employs the rare metaphor of demonic house-hunting across "waterless places" to illustrate how spiritual emptiness, not just moral cleansing, invites sevenfold corruption.
Jesus, who typically exercises divine authority and pronounces judgment, here uniquely positions himself as obedient to God's will alongside his followers, creating radical equality within spiritual family.
Connected passages across Scripture
Now on the second Sabbath after the first, he was going through the grain fields. His disciples plucked the heads of gra…
He was going on the Sabbath day through the grain fields; and his disciples began, as they went, to pluck the ears of gr…
But if that servant says in his heart, ‘My lord delays his coming,’ and begins to beat the menservants and the maidserva…
When therefore it was evening on that day, the first day of the week, and when the doors were locked where the disciples…
But some of the Pharisees said to them, “Why do you do that which is not lawful to do on the Sabbath day?”
The Pharisees said to him, “Behold, why do they do that which is not lawful on the Sabbath day?”
Jesus, answering, spoke to the lawyers and Pharisees, saying, “Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?”
how he entered into God’s house, and took and ate the show bread, and gave also to those who were with him, which is not…
How he entered into God’s house at the time of Abiathar the high priest, and ate the show bread, which is not lawful to…
When he went into the house of one of the rulers of the Pharisees on a Sabbath to eat bread, they were watching him.
neither did we eat bread from anyone’s hand without paying for it, but in labor and travail worked night and day, that w…
“What do you think? If a man has one hundred sheep, and one of them goes astray, doesn’t he leave the ninety-nine, go to…
“Or what woman, if she had ten drachma coins, if she lost one drachma coin, wouldn’t light a lamp, sweep the house, and…
He spoke a parable to them. “Can the blind guide the blind? Won’t they both fall into a pit?
When he had looked around at them with anger, being grieved at the hardening of their hearts, he said to the man, “Stret…
He looked around at them all, and said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” He did, and his hand was restored as sound a…
Most certainly I tell you, when you were young, you dressed yourself and walked where you wanted to. But when you are ol…
Agrippa said to Paul, “You may speak for yourself.” Then Paul stretched out his hand, and made his defense.
Now when Jesus heard this, he withdrew from there in a boat to a deserted place apart. When the multitudes heard it, the…
Great multitudes followed him, and he healed them there.
Jesus went out, and he saw a great multitude. He had compassion on them and healed their sick.
But the report concerning him spread much more, and great multitudes came together to hear and to be healed by him of th…
Great multitudes came to him, having with them the lame, blind, mute, maimed, and many others, and they put them down at…
that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying, “He took our infirmities and bore our di…
that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying,
For this is he who was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet, saying, “The voice of one crying in the wilderness, make the way…
that the word of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spoke: “Lord, who has believed our report? To whom has…
Then that which was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying, “They took the thirty pieces of silver, t…
Even so, affectionately longing for you, we were well pleased to impart to you not the Good News of God only, but also o…
While he was still speaking, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them. Behold, a voice came out of the cloud, saying, “T…
Behold, a voice out of the heavens said, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.”
and the Holy Spirit descended in a bodily form like a dove on him; and a voice came out of the sky, saying “You are my b…
One came and told them, “Behold, the men whom you put in prison are in the temple, standing and teaching the people.”
But some of them said, “He casts out demons by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons.”
The scribes who came down from Jerusalem said, “He has Beelzebul,” and, “By the prince of the demons he casts out the de…
But the Pharisees said, “By the prince of the demons, he casts out demons.”
If Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? For you say that I cast out demons by Beelzebul.
But if I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they will be your judges.
But he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, “Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation. A house di…
If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand.
If a house is divided against itself, that house cannot stand.
He said to them, “Most certainly I tell you, there is no one who has left house, or wife, or brothers, or parents, or ch…
Whoever doesn’t receive you or hear your words, as you go out of that house or that city, shake the dust off your feet.
If Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? For you say that I cast out demons by Beelzebul.
If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand.
He summoned them and said to them in parables, “How can Satan cast out Satan?
But if I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore they will be your judges.
If Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? For you say that I cast out demons by Beelzebul.
But some of them said, “He casts out demons by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons.”
The scribes who came down from Jerusalem said, “He has Beelzebul,” and, “By the prince of the demons he casts out the de…
But no one can enter into the house of the strong man to plunder unless he first binds the strong man; then he will plun…
Or how can you tell your brother, ‘Brother, let me remove the speck of chaff that is in your eye,’ when you yourself don…
From there he arose and went away into the borders of Tyre and Sidon. He entered into a house and didn’t want anyone to…
Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother’s womb and be b…
So then the other disciple who came first to the tomb also entered in, and he saw and believed.
Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit will…
but whoever may blaspheme against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is subject to eternal condemnation.”
For whoever will be ashamed of me and of my words, of him will the Son of Man be ashamed when he comes in his glory, and…
But when Paul was about to open his mouth, Gallio said to the Jews, “If indeed it were a matter of wrong or of wicked cr…
A good tree can’t produce evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree produce good fruit.
Even so, every good tree produces good fruit, but the corrupt tree produces evil fruit.
“For there is no good tree that produces rotten fruit, nor again a rotten tree that produces good fruit.
Even now the ax also lies at the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that doesn’t produce good fruit is cut down and…
Even now the ax lies at the root of the trees. Therefore every tree that doesn’t produce good fruit is cut down, and cas…
The good man out of the good treasure of his heart brings out that which is good, and the evil man out of the evil treas…
You serpents, you offspring of vipers, how will you escape the judgment of Gehenna?
He said therefore to the multitudes who went out to be baptized by him, “You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee…
But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming for his baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of vipers, w…
A good tree can’t produce evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree produce good fruit.
About the eleventh hour he went out and found others standing idle. He said to them, ‘Why do you stand here all day idle…
He called him, and said to him, ‘What is this that I hear about you? Give an accounting of your management, for you can…
But the heavens that exist now and the earth, by the same word have been stored up for fire, being reserved against the…
He who rejects me, and doesn’t receive my sayings, has one who judges him. The word that I spoke will judge him in the l…
Some of the scribes answered, “Teacher, you speak well.”
Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem, saying,
When the Pharisees saw it, they said to his disciples, “Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners?”
Now when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceedingly glad, for he had wanted to see him for a long time, because he had heard ma…
Jesus answered them, “Most certainly I tell you, you seek me, not because you saw signs, but because you ate of the loav…
An evil and adulterous generation seeks after a sign, and there will be no sign given to it, except the sign of the prop…
When the multitudes were gathering together to him, he began to say, “This is an evil generation. It seeks after a sign.…
For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so the Son of Man will also be to this generation.
He sighed deeply in his spirit and said, “Why does this generation seek a sign? Most certainly I tell you, no sign will…
For whoever will be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, the Son of Man also will be…
As the days of Noah were, so will the coming of the Son of Man be.
for as the lightning, when it flashes out of one part under the sky, shines to another part under the sky, so will the S…
For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so the Son of Man will also be to this generation.
For as the lightning flashes from the east, and is seen even to the west, so will the coming of the Son of Man be.
For as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so the Son also gives life to whom he desires.
The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it, for they repented at the pre…
The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation and will condemn them, for she came…
For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so the Son of Man will also be to this generation.
He arose and went; and behold, there was a man of Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethi…
The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation and will condemn them, for she came…
The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it, for they repented at the pre…
But I say, didn’t they hear? Yes, most certainly, “Their sound went out into all the earth, their words to the ends of t…
In his humiliation, his judgment was taken away. Who will declare His generation? For his life is taken from the earth.”
After these things I looked and saw a door opened in heaven; and the first voice that I heard, like a trumpet speaking w…
The unclean spirit, when he has gone out of the man, passes through dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he says,…
The unclean spirits, whenever they saw him, fell down before him and cried, “You are the Son of God!”
Amazement came on all and they spoke together, one with another, saying, “What is this word? For with authority and powe…
For he said to him, “Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!”
For Jesus was commanding the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For the unclean spirit had often seized the man. He…
The unclean spirit, when he has gone out of the man, passes through dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he says,…
When he returns, he finds it swept and put in order.
She went away to her house, and found the child having been laid on the bed, with the demon gone out.
Then he goes and takes seven other spirits more evil than himself, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of…
So also it is written, “The first man Adam became a living soul.” The last Adam became a life-giving spirit.
Command therefore that the tomb be made secure until the third day, lest perhaps his disciples come at night and steal h…
For if, after they have escaped the defilement of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, t…
But when you are invited, go and sit in the lowest place, so that when he who invited you comes, he may tell you, ‘Frien…
A multitude was sitting around him, and they told him, “Behold, your mother, your brothers, and your sisters are outside…
Some people told him, “Your mother and your brothers stand outside, desiring to see you.”
While he was still speaking, a crowd appeared. He who was called Judas, one of the twelve, was leading them. He came nea…
While he was still speaking, behold, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and club…
His mother and his brothers came, and standing outside, they sent to him, calling him.
A multitude was sitting around him, and they told him, “Behold, your mother, your brothers, and your sisters are outside…
Some people told him, “Your mother and your brothers stand outside, desiring to see you.”
His mother and his brothers came, and standing outside, they sent to him, calling him.
Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, “Arise and take the youn…
Behold, one of those who were with Jesus stretched out his hand and drew his sword, and struck the servant of the high p…
A multitude was sitting around him, and they told him, “Behold, your mother, your brothers, and your sisters are outside…
After this, he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, his brothers, and his disciples; and they stayed there a few…
“If anyone comes to me, and doesn’t disregard his own father, mother, wife, children, brothers, and sisters, yes, and hi…
For whoever does the will of God is my brother, my sister, and mother.”
Everyone who has left houses, or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name…
“If anyone comes to me, and doesn’t disregard his own father, mother, wife, children, brothers, and sisters, yes, and hi…
Jesus said, “Most certainly I tell you, there is no one who has left house, or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mothe…
But whoever denies me before men, I will also deny him before my Father who is in heaven.
Word-by-word original language
Places and events in this chapter